No, the “not” is not a misspelling. The “not” I am referring to is the one that reviewers kept trying to put into my manuscript.
I wrote this manuscript for a course I was teaching, and then decided that I might try to get it published. So I thought I would send it to a few reviewers to get feedback. The manuscript included the phrase, “Theology is an exact science.” Two reviewers thought this was a typo, that I really meant, “Theology is not an exact science,” and inserted “not” for me.
I meant what I had written. Theology is an exact science. God is a God of precision in every aspect of His universe, and especially in His Word. It is easy to misunderstand precision as meaning rigid and one-dimensional. I hope to discuss more on the nature of precision in future posts. Nonetheless, God knows precisely what He is doing and calls us to think His thoughts after Him.
The response of the reviewers tells us a lot about the general attitude among Christians today. Most contemporary evangelicals think that someone could not possibly be saying that theology is an exact science.
This has been a prevalent attitude across the past several decades, during which evangelicals have adopted many concepts that would not pass theological scrutiny of scientific precision. We have discussed some of these forced concepts on this blog on a fairly regular basis, e.g. self-esteem, unconditional acceptance, viewing any restriction short of murder as legalistic, etc. As with a part in a car or watch, a small error can lead to much distortion and suffering.
The bad news is that evangelicals are getting self-consciously worse about approaching theology unscientifically. This embracing of the imprecise seems to be one of the hallmarks of the emerging (or emergent) church movement that seems to be gaining steam among evangelicals daily.
No one seems to know exactly what that movement is about. The postmodern orientation that spawned it resists definition. Ask ten postmodernists what postmodernism is and you get eleven different opinions. They like it that way. If you could define it, it wouldn’t be postmodern. The emergent church movement seems equally as illusive.
However, one component that seems clear is its reaction to what it sees as modernist theology, which sought to reduce theology to a precise system. No one can seem to explain (at least in an understandable way) how this emergent approach to theology that resists precision and systematization differs from the relativism we find in secular postmodernism.
Of course, such a system is very comfortable. The absence of systematic truth leaves the individual freedom to believe and to do his own thing.
The fact is that all of the dominant concepts that have influenced our culture (evangelical and otherwise) across the past several decades reflect the existentialism of the 1960’s. If truth is relative, then the individual has the prerogative to establish truth for himself and do his own thing. He becomes the god in his personal universe, asserting the right to feel good about himself and be accepted by others regardless of how he lives.
This is not to say that the emergent church movement does not have some valid emphases. It does. However, as noted above, even a small amount of error can be very destructive. This movement is opening the door to major theological corruption.
The emergent church movement is moving us away from an evangelical reformation, moving us toward rootlessness at a time when we need to be rooted and grounded. Part of the solution is to “un-not” the view that theology is not an exact science.
I can see the flow of your argument, that the claim “Theology is not an exact science” is just a form of postmodern relativism (or something of the sort) dress up in Christian clothing. I can certainly see how this is true for some areas, the essential points of our faith. These would of course include the inspiration of the Bible; the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ; and even the Trinity. People can disagree with these things, but they shouldn’t.
However, aren’t there many areas of theology that are not exact? One of the more obvious examples of these would be end times theology. People come to their conclusions, and often presumptuously specific conclusions. More than that, these people frequently are under the illusion that they know the truth and all who disagree are ignorant fools. Another example would be especially vague passages of Scripture, such as 1 Corinthians 15:29 and its mention of baptism for the dead. It seems there are a number of intentionally vague passages such as this where we simple do not have enough information to draw any worthy conclusions. It’s been said that many heresies arise when people take what has only been revealed to us partially to its logical conclusion. In these cases, we may propose our theories, but it would not be correct to say theology is an exact science.
We are born with deceitful hearts that are never completely healed during this earthly life. We have really no option but to be humble in our approach to theology. We should realize that in peripheral matters, no matter how certain we feel, we may be wrong. Even when we have all the Scripture at our disposal we need to come to a sound and true conclusion, we may not take all of it into consideration and be subtly deceived. This consideration may be the motivation for people who believe theology is not an exact science.
Adam,
Thanks for your thoughtful comment. Let me share a few thoughts in response.
Theology is an exact science in all respects. However, you seem to be making the point that we are not exact theological scientists. I would agree with that. In other words, the Word of God is a perfect book, and does fit together into a exact theology, but because of the human frailties that you mentioned, we often make errors in understanding it.
That is a lot like the natural sciences. There is a precise understanding of nature, even though we miss it in may areas and have to keep trying.
For that reason, you are right in saying that we should be humble in asserting that we have the truth.
Let me go a step further and suggest that an exact understanding of Scripture is accessible to us. It seems reasonable that God wrote His Word to be understood. I believe that even an understanding of 1 Corinthians 15:29 is available. I would be the first to admit that I do not believe I have it. But because I believe theology is an exact science, I continue to pursie it. If I did not believe theology was an exact science I would merely assume that that verse just did not fit in with the rest of Scripture and give up on it.
I also believe that even in areas that evangelicals may view as “non-essentials,” an inexact understanding of them can cause problems for us an individuals and for the church. For example, a biblical view of divorce is not essential for salvation or fellowship,and it is certainly difficult to determine, yet error in this area can cause substantial pain for the individual, spouses, and children.
Again, thanks for sharing your thoughts.
Paul
“Audience Christians…”
In thinking about the phenomenon of keeping things vague in the study and practice of theology, I have observed a very wide-spread practice that I think is significant to the subject. In many evangelical church gatherings of the present day there is a large portion of the congregation that has what I would call an “audience” mentality. That is, that their main purpose in attending the church service (usually Sunday morning)is observation (to be a part of the audience for that day). Even some who are quite faithful to attend week after week, and perhaps even have an active participation in things like singing and giving to the offering, are really there mainly to observe.
The outflow of the audience mentality is that everything observed– the message of the music, the prayers, the comments, and the content of the sermon or teaching, are tucked away into some compartment of the person’s mind at the close of the service. The pastor may have said many things that run completely contrary to that person’s way of thinking and living. The songs sung may prove a stark contrast to the daily life of the attendee. The point is that none of this really matters because, upon leaving the building, the person is no longer engaged in his mind concerning those things and is back to normal life. The program is over and can be tuned back in next week.
Just as our culture is used to sitting in a television or theater audience to be entertained, and/or intellectually/emotionally stimulated, it is no great difference to get out to attend a “service” with a group of ones’ peers. This is an even more attractive activity when one has children who could really use a dose of Christianity once a week, or so.
The audience mentality is not new. It has been a phenomenon in American church culture for decades. What I think might be happening, however, is that a greater and greater proportion of the congregation is falling into this category. Churches, especially the more “progressive” types, have often adapted their style to accomodate the casual attendee. No one feels any pressure to do anything but sit quietly and listen, and to be friendly on the way in and out of the building. And it is not that such persons have no Christianity in their world view. In most cases there is just a lack of integration of a total Christian world view, and a complete denial (albiet a quiet and friendly denial) of anything that runs against what the person feels stongly is true. Even if the pastor/teacher comes across as narrow and opinionated, there is a wealth of tolerance available in the psyche of the person to “just smile and wave…” Once they are out the door, it’s a whole other week or more before they have to listen to that again…
Paul,
This is a good point, and one that I believe relates to the whole postmodern, emerging church issue. A study was done, in Germany I believe, that concluded that those best adapted for the present and future worlds would be those that could accept contradictory ideas.
This practice negates the idea of truth. If something can be true and false at the same time, truth no longer exists.
I have observed out society heading in this direction of accepting contradictory ideas for some time. This comes in part from an educational system that fails to teach people to think clearly. However, a big part of it stems from the existential inroads of the sixties that makes feelings rather than intellect the ultimate measure of reality.
This orientation prevents the establishment of convictions and leaves the person feelings oriented. He comes to church more for feelings than ideas. It is Huxley’s Brave New World in the evangelical pew.
Paul
Well, Paul,
I may be oversimplifying this but doesn’t this have a lot to do with hermeneutics and apologetics ?
Most evangelicals don’t understand the principals of hermeneutics so they are defenseless when subjected to the varient ideas surrounding us both within and without the church.
Either the Bible is understandable or it isn’t, reliable or it isn’t. How do people know it is ?
It seems of little intellectual value today to say “The Bible says it, I believe it and that settles it !” when we don’t know what the Bible says or, worse perhaps, feel confident that it is correct or exact, scientifically or theologically. we should be reminded that if the “evangelical” church is really being evangelical, then more persons without the background may be showing up.
What some of this boils down to is many true Christians don’t grasp the ultimate excellence of the Word of God because they don’t understand the ultimate truth and apologetic confidence this book provides.
I propose that “bible-believing” individuals and churches don’t just assume a general understanding or belief in scripture in their presentations or statements (i.e.The Bible is the final authority for faith and practice) but show people how to be confident that this is the word of GOD.
In our post-Christian culture we may need to produce the evidence which seems obvious to many “older” (more mature?) believers but not so to many others.
Good hermeneutics and apologetics may lead to the discernment we, or “they” seem to be missing.