This blog and recent postings are ultimately dealing with a very practical issue—how we can live life effectively. All of us seek to find out how we can be happy and successful, how we can be healthy, well-adjusted human beings, how we can have good relationships, how we can be productive. In contemporary secular and evangelical societies, many of the answers to those questions come from psychology. We adopt those psychological views because we believe they are based on good research. We have been asking, what if they are not based on good research?
We have also noted that there is good reason to ask that question. Since these psychological concepts have become dominant in our thinking—part of our secular and evangelical subcultures, we have experienced negative trends in precisely the areas of life to which these concepts have been applied, e.g. mental health, marriage, etc. Therefore, we have good reason to question their validity.
But that leads us to the question, what about the research that supports them. In light of the fact that they have a foundation in good research, should we not continue to use them? Maybe the failure in the various areas in question is not the psychological concepts we have adopted, but something else. Or maybe the failure is because we have not applied these concepts aggressively and consistently enough.
My point in recent posts is that the solid research foundation of the psychological personality theories that are shaping our secular and evangelical cultures is a myth. We believe that ideas such as self-esteem and unconditional acceptance are rooted in a psychological theory that is scientifically validated. That is not true. As an aside, we evangelicals also believe that they have been theologically researched and are biblically based. They are not.
For those who believe that these concepts are supported by research, I challenge you to find the research—not assertions that the research has been done, but the research itself. It does not exist. Not only does it not exist, but it cannot exist. That is because the human being is too complex to understand through research. He is also too profound. Behaviorism claims that we have no will, that we are merely biological machines programmed by society, that, like computers, we have no choice but to respond to that programming. Despite the best efforts of B.F. Skinner, it is impossible to prove that thesis through research. The area of the will is inaccessible to research from a practical standpoint. Researchers must try to discover from the outside what is on the inside, and the barrier is just too high. What is more, extensive evidence would argue to the contrary. At the core of Carl Rogers’ personality theory is the belief that the human being has a self-actualizing tendency that provides dependable guidance. That belief also is out of reach of research and bucks a mountain of evidence to the contrary.
This lack of a foundation in research and the evidence of failure of these concepts when applied to human beings leaves us with the question posed by Francis Schaeffer, “How then should we live?” The question should drive us back to Scripture. Psychology can provide help on peripheral issues, but not core issues. In fact, the core concepts of every field must be drawn from Scripture or they are consigned to failure. Education, psychology, philosophy, ethics, biology, and every other field must begin with the Bible. Scripture asserts that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge and the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. Whatever the field, we must begin with Scripture. Peripherals can come from empirical learning—research, but the core cannot.
I’m not sure why you hold up “scientific verification” as the ultimate arbiter of validity. We don’t accept our faith because of scientific verification. You rightly point out the challenges to scientific research that the limitless variables in psychology present. But throwing up one’s hands and saying it’s impossible doesn’t seem like the appropriate response.
Most of what is important in life – love, faith, courage, morality, knowledge of God – is not capable of scientific verification.
And even science itself is not as “scientific” as most people in our culture understand the term, equating it with “objective truth”. All “objective” scientific experimentation and verification takes place within a larger “subjective” worldview of unverifiable theories and assumptions. See Thomas Kuhn’s seminal work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, for an outstanding exposition on this topic.
Now I think you are right that psychological theories should be open for discussion as to their validity, just as theological, historical, ethical and yes, scientific theories should be. But I don’t think it is a damning criticism, nor by any means “the bottom line” to argue that psychological theories may not be able to be validated “scientifically.”
Patrick,
Thanks for your input. Your point is well taken at one level. No empirical finding, scientifically produced or otherwise, gives absolute certainty. However, some findings offer more certainty than others. Therefore, the issue is not what is scientifically based and what is not, but how well supported is a concept by science – empirical evidence.
If we don’t make decisions based on empiricism and rationalism, what then? Even our knowledge of God is empirically based to some extent–a great extent. If empirical evidence to believe the Bible did not exist, and a substantial amount of empirical data undermined the Bible, I would not believe it. Thought some of my questions regarding a biblical worldview are still unanswered, a biblical worldview still provides more and better answers than anything else.
Likewise, if a psychological theory is not supported by empirical evidence, why should I believe it? Why not use one that is better supported. Therefore, empiricism, especially a more formal empiricism that uses the scientific method or structured means of examining the evidence is the bottom line.
If this is wrong, please help me understand.
Paul
Thanks for your thoughtful reply and openness to dialogue.
“If we don’t make decisions based on empiricism and rationalism, what then?”
Indeed, that is the question!
I think the problem begins with the premise, belief or “theory” that empiricism and rationalism are THE ultimate source of knowledge. This is the assumption of the Modern era, beginning with Descartes. Of course this belief cannot itself be “scientifically” supported – it is an article of faith. And I, as a Christian, take exception to that assumption. I believe that revelation, not empiricism and rationalism, is the ultimate source of knowledge.
The problem is found in the definition of empiricism – “the belief that experience, esp. of the senses, is the single source of knowledge.” This is the “belief” of Modernism and it is the “belief” of science as currently conceived. I think that once we buy into the Modern premise that empiricism and rationalism are the source of knowledge, we’ve already lost the battle.
I don’t believe the gospel because of empirical, scientific evidence. (while I don’t believe that the gospel is contradicted by empirical evidence, I don’t believe it is the only logical conclusion to be drawn from it) I believe in the gospel first of all because I received the gift of faith from the Holy Spirit. Not the gift of superior skills of observation and intellect, but the gift of faith. I believe in the gospel because I find the scriptures and Jesus to be “true” in a very intuitive way that is not subject to scientific verification. I believe in the gospel because of the changes I have observed in my own life and the lives of others that I attribute to the power of God. Now, a skeptical scientist would find this unpersuasive because I don’t have adequate controls, I can’t repeat these phenomena in a lab, there are other possible explanations for the changes, etc., to name just a few scientific objections that would be raised.
Even the attempt to ground our faith in empirical data is flawed – we choose data that seem to support our beliefs, and attempt to explain away data that doesn’t.
For me, empiricism and rationalism are not the bottom line. For me, revelation – God revealed in His dealings with His people, God revealed in the person of Jesus Christ – is the bottom line. This, of course, is an article of faith that is completely heretical to the Modern scientific community.
Patrick,
Please forgive the delay in responding. I had a very late meeting Tuesday night.
There is so much to be said here that I am not sure we can cover it in this forum.
First, I believe that the God-given means of establishing truth is a combination of empiricism, the observation of data, plus rational analysis of that observation. This view did not start with Descarte, but with Moses and the Old Testament. God did miracles, observable phenomenon, in support of His Word. In Deut. 18 we are told that we distinguish a true prophet from a false one by whether or not their prophecies came true, an empirical approach. In Isaiah, God says, “Come, let us reason together.”
Scripture tells us that the fool has said in his heart that there is no God. The fool is that one who rejects the evidence. The Psalmist tells us that the heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament shows His handiwork. In Romans 1 Paul indicates that evidence for God can be seen in the creation.
Many evangelicals and orthodox Christians of other ages have missed the point that the problem is not science, but bad science. Reason does not take us to liberalism but the Bible. The intelligent design movement demonstrates this. (As an aside, one of the emphases of this blog is that the problem is not psychology as some evangelicals maintain, but bad psychology.)
We have made the mistake of contrasting faith with reason. This is not biblical. The biblical contrast is between faith and sight. But believing in the unseen can be perfectly rational because it is undergirded by a vast amount of evidence. Faith is not a leap into the dark but a step into the light. It is irrational not to believe in God.
But many evangelicals have reinterpreted Paul’s statement to say, “We walk by faith, not by reason,” and they have glorified emotion and intuition as being more spiritual than reason. The Scriptures above and many others would indicate that this is not the case.
How do I asnwer the person who agrees with you and asserts that revelation is the ultimate basis of epistomology and then asserts his belief in the Koran as that revelation? Ultimately we must return to the evidence and a rational analysis of it.
I believe that a biblical worldview has the empirical evidence validating revelation (the revelation found in Scripture), and with that validation we then look to revelation to teach us about God.
Paul
This argument is straying off course by shifting definitions. I am not arguing that science isn’t A source of knowledge – I am arguing that it is not THE ONLY source of knowledge – indeed, that it is not the ultimate source of knowledge. And by science, we are not talking merely about physical observation – we are talking about theories used to explain sensory phenomenon which can be tested repeatedly and will produce the same results under similar conditions, etc. That is what I am talking about when I talk about scientific knowledge. (and based upon your criticism of psychological theories not being scientificically validated, I infer that is what you meant by science as well)
All scientific knowledge is based on observations, but not all observations are science.
Again, I certainly don’t mean to say that empirical evidence is not A source of knowledge(starting with Adam!). I am arguing against empiricISM – the theory that sensory observations are the ONLY source of knowledge.
Yes, Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses et al made observations of empirical evidence, but that is not the only way that knowledge was obtained in scripture. All through scripture God speaks to people, even in dreams. No scientist would accept a word from the Lord, let alone dreams, as empirical evidence. A scientist would admit there was a noise, but would not therefore accept the content of the speech as scientific knowledge.
Miracles are empirically observable, and may not be inconsistent with science, but they are not scientific knowledge – they can’t be tested, repeated, etc. On the road to Damascus Saul saw a blinding light, but his companions did not. Phenomona observable to only one observer when others are present will not be considered scientific evidence.
The most important themes of scripture – sin, redemption, salvation, justification, holiness, etc. – none of these are observable emprically, nor could they be fully understood by reason alone. The most brilliant intellectual watching the crucifixion using all their powers of intellectual reasoning would never arrive at the conclusion that God was redeeming the world, absent revelation from Jesus and scripture.
Look up every instance where Paul uses the word “know” in his epistles. Only a small fraction of them refer to anything that we can know empirically.
In I Cor. 2:14 Paul says that the person without the Spirit CANNOT know the things of the spirit because they are spiritually discerned.
I agree with you that there is no conflict between scientific knowledge and the teaching of scripture. I agree with you that faith is not irrational. And I agree that faith is not contrasted with reason, but rather is contrasted with sight (empirical knowledge!)
What I do want to caution against is buying into the Modernist assumption that scientific verification is the only source of knowledge, which you may recall was the purpose of my reply. Psychological theories which are not subject to scientific verification may nonetheless be rational.
For me, the ultimate truths of scripture cannot be arrived at empirically and rationally, absent revelation and the work of the Spirit.
All the best to you as you earnestly contend for the faith.
Patrick,
Thanks for your perseverance. I believe you are right. I think that we are closer than it may appear and that definitions confuse the issue. For example, if by science we mean formal research that can be replicated, that certainly can only offer a narrow spectrum of knowledge. If we were limited to that, we would know very little.
In addition, Scripture certainly does offer knowledge that cannot be discovered through science or any other form of empiricism.
I still do not understand, however, on what basis we would accept a psychological concept if it is not at least compatible with Scripture and supported by empirical evidence.
Again, thanks for the lively exchange. I appreciate your commitment to the authority of Scripture.
Best wishes,
Paul